Steel structure building and its application in China

In recent years, steel structure is more and more used, now Xirong steel structure construction company will take you to take a look!

Steel structure is the fastest application and development of the new structural type at home and abroad, widely used in all kinds of industrial, public and residential buildings, with fast construction speed, beautiful building shape, less steel consumption, low cost and other advantages. This paper reviews and summarizes the development status of steel structures at home and abroad, and puts forward suggestions for the main problems in analysis, design and application.

In addition, the structure can replace masonry or wood construction, which is recyclable and in line with the principles of environmental protection and sustainable development. However, as a high-tech and new application, the quality of design and construction personnel is high, and special training is required. Processing and production need to establish professional production lines, invest in the people's congress in advance, and the anti-corrosion and fire prevention problems of the structure also need to be specially handled.

Commonly used structural load-bearing systems in China include: welded portal steel frame structure system, cold-formed thin-walled steel structure system, multi-layer frame structure system, thin-walled folded arch shell roof system. For industrial and civil buildings without cranes, the amount of steel used in steel structures is generally 20~50kg/m2, mainly depending on the size of the structural form, span, column spacing and live load.

The prefabricated house building system was born at the beginning of this century, mainly used in garages, using steel corrugated board roofing and walls, and in the 20s there was a stereotyped production of factory buildings. The rapid development of housing construction during World War II, mostly used for the rapid construction of field hangars, and the large demand for industrial plants for post-war reconstruction further stimulated the development of housing. In the 40s, the portal rigid frame structure appeared, and in the 60s, a large number of colored profiled panels, Z-shaped purlins, thermal insulation wall panels and roof panels began to be used. At present, it has become the main building structure type in developed countries, for example, 90% of single-storey and 60% multi-storey houses in the United Kingdom are structured.

In 1995, metal houses accounted for 65% of single- and double-storey buildings with a single area of less than 15,000m2, and a total area of 35 million m2 was newly built, mainly used for various factories, commercial buildings, public buildings, agricultural buildings, etc. The main form of the steel structure system in the United States is the portal rigid frame, which has been very perfect in analysis, design theory and methods and manufacturing processes, and has developed a variety of patented products, and its special design software can complete the design, drawing, quantity statistics and engineering quotation in a short time, and has also achieved a high degree of standardization and factory production in manufacturing.

Despite the decline of the European construction market, the amount of steel structure construction engineering has

shown a trend of increasing year by year, and the annual engineering volume has exceeded 7 million tons. China's large-scale application of steel structure from the Baosteel project, the introduction of the use of profiled steel plate enclosure structure, hot rolled H-beam as the main load-bearing structure of the new industrial plant, in the 80s metallurgical building research institute and other units research, development of complete sets of construction technology, as well as H-beam, purlin, wall beam, profiled plate, sandwich panel, insulation board and other supporting production lines. In the 90s, foreign manufacturers pushed the whole set of structural systems to the domestic market, and domestic steel manufacturers and design units also began to promote the application of steel structures on a large scale. At present, China's steel production has reached 100 million tons, ordinary carbon steel quality is reliable, stable price, sufficient supply, galvanized and color steel plate performance is excellent, in the design, production and installation of steel structure has accumulated successful experience, all kinds of welding, cold forming, profile plate and other steel production line 100, has been formulated portal rigid frame house steel structure technical regulations (CECS102:98) and corresponding design manual 26, and developed some steel structure design professional software. The most widely used structure in China is the portal rigid frame system building and arch corrugated roof, the completed Beijing western suburb hangar and Dalian reserve grain depot single-storey portal rigid frame span has reached 72m, Wuhu Auto Parts Company's other plant single covering an area of more than 75,000 m2.

The main application fields of steel structure in China are: 1. New technology development zone projects, especially high-tech enterprises, in order to establish a corporate image, steel structure is mostly used; 2. Warehousing (grain and cotton warehouse, garage, reserve warehouse), distribution and transshipment center (industrial, commercial); 3. All kinds of (small tonnage crane) type industrial plants; 4. Shopping malls, exhibition halls, gymnasiums, waiting rooms, hangars, studios and other large-span public buildings; 5. Multi-storey residence, multi-storey industrial plant; 6. Multi-storey public buildings such as schools, hospitals, offices, and entertainment; 7. Commercial buildings such as supermarkets, retail, and department stores; 8. Renovation, expansion, renovation and addition of old buildings.

Second, the steel structure system and characteristics of the portal steel frame house steel structure

system adopts the portal rigid frame as the main load-bearing structure, the profiled steel plate enclosure structure, the analysis design and production and installation technology is mature, widely used, and there are a variety of stereotyped complete systems. The scope of application includes all kinds of industrial plants, stadiums, entertainment venues, public buildings, warehouses and storage and transportation facilities, supermarkets, retail and commercial services, etc., and its reasonable span is generally between 18~36m.

Portal rigid frame structure types are diverse, can be single ridge, multi-ridge, single span, multi-span, high and low span, or single slope, double slope, steep slope, gentle slope,

flat slope, curved roof, and single or multiple swinging columns can also be provided in the span. The components are mostly I-section, and equal section, variable section, armpit, solid belly, fasting, lattice beam and column members can be used. The typical structural system is mainly composed of foundation, main rigid frame, wall beam, purlin, roof panel, wall panel, wind-resistant column, roof support, intercolumn support, etc.

The main basis for the design of portal rigid frame structure is the steel structure design code (GB17-88

), the technical code for cold-formed thin-walled steel structure (GB17-87) and the steel structure technical regulations for portal rigid frame houses (CECS102:98). Beam and column members mostly adopt welded I-shaped solid abdominal section, plate thickness is generally below 16mm, web height is large, by changing the web height to achieve variable section, can use the buckling strength of the web, according to the effective section characteristics to calculate the strength and stability of the component. The shape of the beam and column members is simple, which is convenient for the use of factory processing technology.

Portal rigid frame structure beam and column joints and

inclined beam site splicing joints often use the strength bolt end plate connection, can be extended or flush type, considering that the rigidity of the flat end plate connection is small, in view of the semi-rigid connection in China there is no suitable calculation method, it is recommended to use the extension end plate connection, and there should be enough end plate thickness (more than 20mm) to ensure the stiffness of the node 21, 22 portal rigid frame can be rigid or articulated column feet, there are crane workshops should use rigid joint column feet.

The purlin or wall beam adopts C or Z shaped cold-formed thin-walled steel galvanized purlins or black purlins, the purlin (beam) distance is 1.5~2.5m, and ordinary bolts are mostly used to connect with the main rigid frame, and simple support or continuous system can be used, and the end of the purlin (wall beam) can be braced, which can not only improve the bearing capacity of the purlin (wall beam), increase the span of the purlin (wall beam), but also strengthen the lateral stability of the beam (column). For open (semi-open) buildings in areas with large wind loads, the lateral stability of beams (columns) can also be strengthened. For open (semi-open) buildings in areas with large wind loads, the negative wind pressure (reverse bending) working conditions of purlins and wall beams should be considered to calculate = The layout principle of support is similar to that of Pugang plant (roof truss), and the roof and inter-column support often use round steel tie rods, and the lower column support of the crane workshop should be designed by pressing the rod. Wall panels and roof panels can be single-layer or double-layer sandwich panels, composite or single-layer panels plus thermal insulation layer, and self-tapping bolts or fasteners are used.

Multi-storey house steel structure system Multi-storey house steel structure system adopts welded or hot-rolled H-beam steel as the main load-bearing frame structure, profiled steel plate composite building cover, enclosure structure and inner partition, and if necessary, support should be set to improve lateral stability. The main structural form of two- to eight-story office, public or residential buildings in Europe, the United States and Japan is steel frame, profiled steel plate composite building cover system, the amount of steel used is about 40~50kg/m2, mainly using hot-rolled or welded H-shaped steel beam columns or square and round pipe components M. The steel structure frame has the advantage of faster construction speed than reinforced concrete, and the use of composite building cover can ensure the overall stability of the steel beam, and the rigidity and bearing capacity of the beam are raised, but the construction and installation technology requirements are high, and the support may have a certain impact on the use.

Multi-storey house steel structure is mainly used in residential, multi-storey industrial plants, schools, hospitals, offices, entertainment and other public buildings, as well as supermarkets, retail, department stores and other commercial buildings, old buildings to add floors, renovation and expansion, etc. The column spacing is between 6~12m, and the typical multi-storey house steel structure system is composed of foundation, frame beam column, wall beam, purlin, roof panel, wall panel, roof support, intercolumn support, floor secondary beam, profiled steel plate cover, etc. The load-bearing structure is designed according to the plane frame or space frame, if necessary, the inter-column support is arranged to ensure the overall stability, reduce the lateral displacement, the floor adopts the main and secondary beam system, the profiled steel plate combined building cover or prefabricated plate plus cast-in-place plate superimposed building cover, the non-human roof can use purlins and profiled steel plates, the internal wall is partitioned, and the exterior wall adopts profiled steel plate or other wall structures. At present, some domestic multi-storey factories have begun to adopt the above structure, and the development of multi-storey housing system provides a huge potential market for the application of multi-storey house steel structure. The use of composite beams can realize the rigidity of the structure, reduce the size of the structure, and increase the space used in the building. The web opening beam can provide passage space for the equipment pipeline, but stiffeners should be provided around the hole to improve shear resistance. The secondary beam of the roof roof adopts round or hexagonal honeycomb beam, which can increase the beam height by 70% without increasing the amount of steel, and the combined truss can further increase the span.

The steel structure design

of multi-storey houses is based on the steel structure design code (GB17-88), the housing steel structure design regulations organized by the China Engineering Building Standards Association are being approved, according to the space rigid frame analysis design, no column support according to the side shift frame design, column section using H-shaped or box-shaped, beam for I-shaped solid belly beam, the main beam and the column are just connected or hinged, the main beam and the column should be articulated; The composite building cover can be stacked with profiled steel plates or prefabricated plates. The floor beam should be designed according to the composite beam, and the number and size of anti-shear parts such as bolts should be arranged according to the force requirements, if the combined role is not considered, the anti-shear parts such as bolt nails can be placed according to the structural requirements. The use of honeycomb beam can not only improve the utilization rate of the cross-section, but also provide passage space for the equipment pipeline, there are no clear regulations on the design and calculation of honeycomb beam, but there are experimental research data at home and abroad for design. Inter-column supports, wall supports and roof supports transmit the longitudinal force of the crane and should be designed according to wind, seismic and structural requirements. The new profiled steel plate rib composite building cover is supported in the widened lower flange (Slimdek) of the beam, and the equipment pipeline can be arranged between the beam ribs, and the overall structural height of the beam plate is only 300mm, which also improves the fire performance of the beam, but it is necessary to solve the torsional design problem of the beam.

With the increasing application of structures, computer-aided design technology has played an increasingly important role, and many domestic units and design departments have developed special and general steel structure design software. These software have 3D modeling, structural static dynamic analysis, nonlinear stability analysis, component optimization design, typical node construction, etc., and some can automatically generate structural flat elevations and component construction drawings, part samples and material tables. Foreign software companies are also optimistic about the potential market of Chinese engineering design, and vigorously promote various Chinese versions of analysis and design software, all kinds of software are equipped with section steel section library, node structure library, and can be automatically connected with AutoCad to modify construction drawings.

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